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<\/p>\nBlackjack’s immediate precursor was the English version of twenty-one called vingt-un, a game of unknown (but likely Spanish) provenance. The first written reference is found in a book by the Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes. Cervantes was a gambler, and the protagonists of his “Rinconete y Cortadillo”, from Novelas Ejemplares, are card cheats in Seville. They are proficient at cheating at veintiuna (Spanish for “twenty-one”) and state that the object of the game is to reach 21 points without going over and that the ace values 1 or 11. The game is played with the Spanish baraja deck.

“Rinconete y Cortadillo” was written between 1601 and 1602, implying that ventiuna was played in Castile since the beginning of the 17th century or earlier. Later references to this game are found in France and Spain.(\u5f15\u6587<\/a>)<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

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<\/p>\nPlayers hope to get a total card value of 21 or to come closer to it, without going over, than the dealer, against whom all betting is done. For this purpose aces count as 1 or 11, face cards as 10, and the rest at their index value. A hand counting 21 on the first two cards (an ace and a 10 or face card) is called a natural or a blackjack. Suits are irrelevant. In most varieties of the game, a player receiving two cards of the same rank may split them, receiving a second card for each, and play the two hands independently of each other. Another common rule is to allow \u201cdoubling down\u201d with two cards that total 11 (in some variants 11 or 10)\u2014the player doubles the bet, turns up the cards, and takes one more card facedown. In some games a player wins extra by getting five cards without \u201cgoing bust\u201d (going over 21). (\u5f15\u6587<\/a>)<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

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